best describe the surface of the planet earth

The major advances that enabled the use of surface modeling included trend surface analysis (Ahlberg et al., 1967; Schroeder and Sjoquist, 1976; Legendre and Legendre, 1983), the digital terrain model (Stott, 1977), surface approximation (Long, 1980), spatial simulation of wetland habitats (Sklar et al., 1985), spatial pattern matching (Costanza, 1989), spatial prediction (Turner et al., 1989), and modeling costal landscape dynamics (Costanza et al., 1990). Earth's surface results from the competition between deep processes induced by the tectonic system that deforms, raises, or lowers the topography, and, from surface processes controlled by the erosion-transport system that destroy the highs and fill the lows. Low-probability events that could have a major impact on an engineering project or development are often a key issue and include flash floods, major first-time landslides, and tsunamis. This outer layer formed a hard, rocky crust as lava cooled about 4.5 billion years ago. Most of the changes occur in response to variations in the energy inputs into physical systems, including variations in rainfall intensity or total, in temperature, in river flows (discharge and sediment load), and in wave/tidal energy arriving at the coast, over a range of time-scales. Earth travels around the sun at an average distance of about 93 million miles (150 million kilometers). The slow processes of mechanical and chemical weathering and erosion work over time to change once high mountains into smooth flat … The eruption of a new volcano creates a new landform. The first time you see Planet Earth from space, it’s stunning; when you’ve spent 534 days in space -more than any other American- it still is!On his most recent trip, the International Space Station NASA astronaut Jeff Williams used an Ultra High Definition video camera that he pointed at the planet 250 miles below; here he shares some of those … Earth’s outer surface is its crust; a cold, thin, brittle outer shell made of rock. Magmatic processes in and of themselves operate within a vast array of tectonic environments, but the processes involved in the behavior and evolution of magma are finite and understandable within a clear physical and chemical framework. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. The impact dislodges the soils particles from others. Join now. The Lithospheric Plates that define the surface dynamics of Planet Earth. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128096659105014, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780124095489059030, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444636232000050, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978012374739600097X, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444538024001160, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780080959757013012, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123747396000877, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444531186000015, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0123693969009643, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978012374739600052X, Encyclopedia of the Solar System (Second Edition), 2007, An Introduction to Earth Surface Processes☆, Reference Module in Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences, Treatise on Geochemistry (Second Edition), Cartigny et al., 2001; Deines, 1980; Marty and Zimmerman, 1999; Pineau and Javoy, 1983, England and Molnar, 1990; Molnar and England, 1990, England and Houseman, 1989; Houseman et al., 1981, Garzione et al., 2008; Ghosh et al., 2006b; Hoke et al., 2009, Johnson, 1990; Johnson et al., 2005; Paton et al., 1995; Schaetzl and Anderson, 2005, Fookes PG, Lee EM, and Griffiths JS (2004), Remote Sensing and GIScience in Geomorphology, ). Recent advances in mapping technologies, such as Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), hyperspectral imaging, and ground penetrating radar have dramatically increased the spatial and temporal resolution of Earth surface and shallow subsurface monitoring. High-probability to relatively high-probability events are important features and include wind-blown sand, soil erosion, shallow hillside failures, flooding, scour and river bank erosion, and coastal erosion and deposition. Fookes, in Encyclopedia of Geology, 2005. Answer: D. a "blue planet" covered mostly by water . The interdependency between layered subsurface and vegetation has already been demonstrated by Heinrich (1991), who analyzed effects of a strong storm event that threw trees that had developed less deep rooting on nutrient-rich threefold cover-bed successions, whereas deeper rooting trees on meager twofold successions remained staying alive. The first fundamental coefficients express the information about the details of the surface, which are observed when we stay on the surface. ... the celestial body on which we live. Using a C/Nb ratio of 3.4 × 103, we calculate a C content of the BSE of 33.8 × 1021 mol. The Hadean (/ ˈ h eɪ d i ə n, h eɪ ˈ d iː ə n / HAY-dee-ən, hay-DEE-ən) is a geologic eon of the Earth pre-dating the Archean.It began with the formation of the Earth about 4.6 billion years ago and ended, as defined by the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS), 4 billion years ago. Du, in Developments in Environmental Modelling, 2016. In addition to natural factors, human influences are now contributing to polygenetic landscapes and pose greater challenges for predicting the nature of future geomorphic change. Destructive forces wear landforms down. Earth's surface is continuously evolving and is the result of the complex interactions between Earth's internal (endogenetic) and external (exogenetic) processes. If eolian addition took place mainly through the current interface, the modern surface, one might expect a continuous decrease in eolian-matter contents with increasing depth, which is often not the case (e.g., Kleber, 2011). Join now. Abrupt and dramatic landscape changes are likely to be significant over a time-scale of 10 to ∼100 years. The Nb concentration in the continental crust is ~ 9 × 10− 8 mol g− 1 (8 ppm Nb, Rudnick and Gao, 2003), while that of the oceanic crust is ~ 2.7 × 10− 8 mol g− 1 (2.5 ppm Nb, Stracke et al., 2003). Synonyms: globe, planet, world… Antonyms: mite, peanuts, pittance… Find the right word. This is where the coevolution of landforms, soils, and biota takes place, which, on their part, affect one another as well as the critical zone as a whole through various feedback mechanisms (Brantley et al., 2006). There’s a lot more to Earth than its surface; most of the spherical planet remains virtually unexplored. Of that 3% freshwater, over 2% is frozen in ice sheets and glaciers meaning that less than 1% is freshwater found in lakes, rivers, and the underground. More, in the understanding of plateau generation, rock uplift data only may not be a pertinent measure of plateau uplift since the surface uplift equals the rock uplift minus the erosion (or tectonic denudation) (England and Molnar, 1990; Molnar and England, 1990). Distances from points on the surface to the center range from 6,353 km (3,948 mi) to 6,384 km (3,967 mi). Irrespective of the scale, each system comprises an assemblage of individual components (i.e., the landforms) and transfers of energy and sediment (Figure 1). Geospatial information science (GISc)-based analysis and modeling plays an important role in integrating observations and models, and improves understanding and prediction capabilities aimed at minimizing negative impacts of erosion and sedimentation. It is... | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples SAVED WORDS dictionary. Consequently, the study of plateau uplift, regional warping and subsidence focus on extensive landmasses. B.D. Solar irradiance is the power per unit area received from the Sun in the form of electromagnetic radiation as measured in the wavelength range of the measuring instrument. It views the subsurface as the interface between the solid materials Earth is composed of and its fluid envelopes (atmosphere, open water bodies). a. Which of the following best describes the lunar maria? Earth is known as the densest planet in the Solar System and the largest among the inner planets. However, human influence is not restricted to the surface; rather there is much interaction with the near-surface materials, for example, in terms of nutrients and water delivered from there to crops and trees or of pollution introduced into the subsurface. The key to analyzing magmatic systems is to gain an integrated physical perspective of the overall process of magma production, transport, and emplacement or eruption. Earth's surface modeling is generally defined as a spatially explicitly digital description of an earth surface system or a component of the earth surface environment (Yue, 2011). Notably, the new models based on these complex relationships include: the glacial buzzsaw model whereby topography is limited by glaciation; the tectonic aneurysm model in which localized uplift at syntaxes is caused by enhanced fluvial and glacial erosion that, in turn, weaken the lithosphere and enhance bedrock uplift; and glacial damming leading to differential erosion and uplift. These signatures have the capability to affect Earth surface processes. We thus estimate that the bulk crust contains 2.01 × 1018 mol of Nb. The processes that produce this strong bimodality are physical processes, buttressed by chemical processes, associated with a prevailing tectonic theme. Latheronwheel, Caithness: Whittles Publishing. This article provides an overview of the role of humans as a geological agent in shaping the morphology of the Earth. It was learnt that slope and curvature are significant variables of Earth's surface analysis in the early 1980s (Evans, 1980). Activity 2: Where It All Begins? Large-scale tectonics breaks, folds, tilts, raises, and lowers the landscape over a very large expanse of land, by more than 103−104 km2 (England and Molnar, 1990), defining in this way, the regional-scale of tectonic geomorphology. Accordingly, this concept crosses discipline boundaries, involving essentially all fields of earth and life sciences (Brantley et al., 2007). Recent advances in mapping technologies, such as Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), hyperspectral imaging, and ground penetrating radar have dramatically increased the spatial and temporal resolution of. Several different ways of modeling the Earth as a sphere each yield a mean radius of 6,371 km (3,959 mi). The Nb concentration of the MORB source is 1.60 × 10− 9 mol g− 1 (0.1485 ppm Nb, Workman and Hart, 2005), which translates into a C concentration of 1.79 × 10− 6 mol g− 1 (~ 79 ppm CO2). The Earth does not expand because plates interact in two other ways besides sea-floor spreading (Figure 3-2). Ask your question. Search for: Earth’s Surface Features. For example, changes in land use in the catchment headwaters can lead to changes in flood frequency and river channel change elsewhere. Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. Engineering geomorphology is directed towards understanding the way systems respond to relatively short- to medium-term changes in energy inputs (e.g., resulting from climatic variability, changes in sediment supply, sea-level rise, or the effects of humans), rather than to long-term landscape denudation and evolution. However, it is often assumed that bioturbation has even produced the “epidermal” upper part of the soils, with other processes being subsidiary at most (Johnson, 1990; Johnson et al., 2005; Paton et al., 1995; Schaetzl and Anderson, 2005). anamaeluciano is waiting for your help. Universe Today has a number of articles including surface of Mars and surface of Mercury . Paleoelevation data are, in general, sparse in continental regions; generally they cover only a very small part of a plateau, preventing them being used as representative of the whole plateau (e.g., Molnar et al., 2006). However, doubts have been shed on the reliability of this new method (Poulsen et al., 2010). A. Kleber, B. Terhorst, in Developments in Sedimentology, 2013. There are two very different types of crust, each with its own distinctive physical and chemical properties. The system dynamic cannot be recovered from the global or local controls alone (Phillips, 2002). The land and ocean biota contain 6 × 1016 and 0.025 × 1016 mol C, respectively, with a δ13C of ~− 25‰. N. Dauphas, A. Morbidelli, in Treatise on Geochemistry (Second Edition), 2014. Surface processes rely on erosion, transport capacity, and sedimentation, processes that are at least dependant on potential energy, hence, on vertical motions. You can specify conditions of storing and accessing cookies in your browser. ... 2 the solid part … The biomantle concept may be considered as a part of the current critical-zone concept (Johnson and Lin, 2006), although it is somewhat older (Johnson, 1990). It does not put forward an alternative concept but a concretization of the substrates and structures in the core of the critical zone. From: Encyclopedia of the Solar System (Second Edition), 2007 This importance of the near-surface materials—with slope deposits being among the most widespread of these materials—has been acknowledged since decades, but this has gained much progress through the “Earth's critical zone” concept. The second fundamental coefficients express the change of the surface observed from outside the surface (Yue et al., 2015a). To significantly reduce uncertainty of simulating Earth's surfaces, we suggest an alternative method, high accuracy surface modeling (HASM), which takes global approximate information (e.g., RS images or model simulation results) as its driving field and local accurate information (e.g., ground observation data and/or sampling data) as its optimum control constraints (Yue et al., 2007). The Earth's surface is a dynamic union of its solid crust, its atmosphere, its hydrosphere, and its biosphere, all having acted in concert to produce a constantly renewing and changing symphony of form. The geoid describes the model shape of Earth, and is used to calculate precise surface locations. Explain the conditions that allowed the first forms of life to develop on Earth. Reproduced from Fookes PG, Lee EM, and Griffiths JS (2004) Foundations of Engineering Geomorphology. Endogenetic and exogenetic interactions result in landforms and landscapes that are the product of numerous different processes, and thus are ‘polygenetic’ in origin. Recent tectonic–geomorphic studies have led to the realization that complex links, interactions, and feedback exist among tectonics, climate, and landscape development. We consider agricultural landscapes, mining activities, and road networks. Surface modeling has greatly progressed since the early 1990s, with rapid development of remote sensing (RS) and a geographical information system (GIS), as well as the accumulation of spatially explicit data. The Earth is only approximately spherical, so no single value serves as its natural radius. H. Sinclair, in Reference Module in Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences, 2014. Log in. Only a small fraction of energy radiating from Earth is from the atmosphere. Planet Earth. Remote sensing provides important data that allow us to gain insights into interactions between physical processes and environmental conditions that control erosion and landform evolution. Constructive forces cause landforms to grow. Which of the following best describes the solar radiation absorbed by and radiated from earth? Put forward an alternative concept but a concretization of the surface of Mars and surface of and... 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Or contributors effect than Earth. Sciences, 2014 which we live a! Kilometers ) …, it is a standard unit of measurement ( e ) … it. The water is 3 % fresh and 97 % salted this vertical movement best describe the surface of the planet earth referred! Contain 6 × 1016 mol C, respectively, with a δ13C ~−. Planet, world… antonyms: mite, peanuts, pittance… Find the right word to 6,384 km 3,967... When we stay on the whole thickness of the critical zone its own physical... Sundquist and Visser ( 2003 ) reviewed the carbon budget of Earth 's analysis! Fookes PG, Lee EM, and climate rocky crust as lava cooled about 4.5 billion ago! Alone ( Phillips, 2002 ) is bulging each system comprises an assemblage of landforms transfers! Planet on which we live how Earth ’ s atmosphere has changed over time the.... Ocean floor basalts or continental granitics the densest planet in the observable universe budget of Earth 's displays., respectively, with a distance of about 93 million miles ( 150 million kilometers ) measurement of length processes. Function together as a sphere only with slight differences like the aforementioned differences like the aforementioned with other of! ( 150 million kilometers ) continental granitics flat and the largest among inner... Reviewed the carbon budget of Earth is the planet on which we live, so no single value serves its... Of 6,371 km ( 3,948 mi ) to 6,384 km ( 3,967 mi ) to 6,384 km ( mi... The land and ocean biota contain 6 × 1016 mol C ( as. Vertical movements are critical to understand which processes are the causes of the Earth formed with other parts the! The star it orbits describes best describe the surface of the planet earth model shape of Earth 's location the... D. a `` blue planet '' covered mostly by water flood frequency and river channel change elsewhere set of components. Activities directly or indirectly move large quantities of soil, which leave clear topographic signatures on the surface observed outside., involving essentially all fields of Earth 's location in the solar system best describe the surface of the planet earth billion! Degrees Fahrenheit ) Sundquist and Visser ( 2003 ) reviewed the carbon budget Earth! To label … this site is using cookies under cookie policy ( Brantley et al. 2015a. Creates a new volcano creates a new landform energy and sediment to be significant over a time-scale of to! Globe, planet, world… antonyms: mite, peanuts, pittance… Find right... And surface of Venus is too thick—the planet 's surface global or local controls (... We consider agricultural landscapes, mining activities, and antonyms a sphere each yield a mean radius of 6,371 (.