If the fundamental conceptual symbolism was lost in that little introduction, evergreen represents life and eternity (essentially immortality), along with clinging attachment. The leaves were also used to heal burns and alleviate eczema. In ancient Egypt ivy was dedicated to Osiris, who represented immortality. I appreciate your visit. The spiritual meaning of the Ivy comes from its independence, its determination to outperform itself. Voted up interesting and informative. Bird Spirit is the perfect symbol for freedom and perspective. Virgil spoke of the gold ivy that had yellow berries; this ivy is all but extinct today. It is also associated with fertility because of its rapid growth. Now the dead bushes are covered in beautiful green ivy. Search for self. The vegetative and climbing stage of English ivy is the most noticeable and the one that most people are familiar with. It is not by coincidence that much of our plant life […] Although it is sometimes regarded as invasive, ivy is appreciated for its ability to grow in the shade, and will quickly cover a wall or a slope. A Symbol of Friendship – Ivy is seen as a symbol of friendship because of the tenacity of its attachment. Today, Christians consider holly symbolic of Jesus Christ in two ways. Voted up, shared, etc... Have a great week. Spiritual meaning of flock of birds. The contest is a nice idea and may well have happened, but so far I haven't found additional evidence to support it. (When love shall vanquish folly.) The Navajo believed cattail leaves were a protective charm against lightning. The word "lybe" in the third verse refers to chapped skin or a chilblain. There used to be some medicinal purposes for ivy in England too at one time. I love English ivy too, although I must admit it's often hard to keep under control where I live. Birds’ Symbolic Meanings as Spirit, Totem, and Power Animals. Holly is given the starring role in the song and ivy is ignored, so it seems strange that ivy is even mentioned. It's a free magazine so it doesn't pay, but writers get a free ad and a plug for your website or hubpages profile or whatever you want. In the Middle Ages, ivy was still associated with wine. Thank you so much for the comment and the share, Carolyn! I appreciate your visit and the kind comment. Mythologies, folklore, sonnets, and plays of the ancient Greeks, Romans, Egyptians, and Chinese are peppered with flower and plant symbolism—and for good reason. In addition, these meanings are alluded to in older pictures, songs and writings. A common story on carol websites is that good-natured singing contests were held during the time when the two carols were popular. I enjoyed reading the diverse traditions and stories connected with ivy, from the history of the Ivy League to ivy's connection with wine. Today, ivy is sometimes considered to be a nuisance rather than an asset. Suhail Zubaid aka Clark Kent from Mississauga, ON on May 03, 2014: Yes Linda it could be Boston Ivy or Virginia Creeper, but it doesn't have any berries and flowers. It's a beautiful plant. I appreciate your visit! Small amounts of Ivy tea are said to dilate blood vessels, while large amounts can cause them to contract. Other people dislike the plant for its rapid growth and its ability to cover other plants and block sunlight. They are also considered to be very spiritual, which is where the term “Holy Oak” comes from. Kimberly Powell. In ancient Greece ivy was the plant of Dionysus because of its vigour. Being evergreen in nature, the Ivy represented the perennial aspects of … Astrology Birth: September 30th – October 27th I don't know how you do that because I do have some education, but you do it every single time. Thanks for standing up for English ivy! Spiritual Lessons With Poison Ivy Poison Ivy, ‘Tis The Season For those of you who think you are not allergic to poison ivy because you have not had it yet, please be cautious. It has been introduced to many other parts of the world as an ornamental plant. By Linda Mintle. Over time and after repeated exposure, it is possible that your resistance to poison ivy can wear down, which can lead to a reaction. It sounds like a lovely plant, Suhail, whatever it is! The Celtic meaning of the ivy deals with connections and friendships because of its propensity to interweave in growth. Thank you for your kind comment. I'll visit the Facebook page that you mention. Thank you for sharing so much with us. Some of the Ivy League stories may have referred to Boston ivy instead of English ivy. I appreciate your visit. I love the way ivy look framing a home or garden fence. By extension, because of its purgative qualities, it may symbolize baptism. The rash has now spread all over my arms and face. In ancient times Ivy was made into a highly potent ale which was used in conjunction with hallucinogenic mushrooms to whip up a state of frenzy and induce vision. The ivy (Hedera helix) is a perennial evergreen woody vine which can serve as both a groundcover and a climber. Up votes and pinning to my plants board. love beyond the grave. If you are interested, I moderate the FB page, it's www.facebook.com/celticguide, if you'd like to talk about contributing please get in touch with me there :-). The plant is often admired for its beautiful appearance on the walls of buildings. The ivy plant signifies your thriving towards enlightenment, advancement in spirit; it is an alert for a spiritual awakening and rising to higher consciousness. It encouraged assistance toward others in their search so that they, in turn, might offer assistance. Linda Crampton (author) from British Columbia, Canada on May 05, 2014: Hi, Rebecca. Gardener Den. IVY. / I'd meet you where the spirit meets the bones / In a faith-forgotten land / In from the snow / Your touch brought forth an incandescent glow / Tarnished but so The festivals related to Dionysus sometimes included drunken frenzy and ecstasy as an important component of the revelry. The Celtic meaning of the ivy deals with connections and friendships because of its propensity to interweave in growth. During long winters with little light, ivy in the home offe… Only the roots attached to the ground penetrate their substrate to absorb nutrients. Both plants were appreciated as winter greenery at a time when many other plants were bare of leaves, especially as holly and ivy had attractive berries. Hey, if you enjoy writing about history myth and legend of the British Isles, I write and assist the editor for Celtic Guide magazine and we are always recruiting writers. Thank you very much for the comment, the vote and the share, Pollyanna! Now it refers to the universities themselves. As a groundcover, ivy reaches 4 inches high; as a vertical climber it can grow to a height of 50 feet. Sometimes called a "sword lily," it refers to Mary's sorrow at Christ's Passion. And … Animal Spirit: Frog. "Good wine needs no bush", meaning that something of merit doesn't need to be advertised because the good news will travel by word of mouth. Ivy is one of the plants used in the celebrations of Christmas. Petr Flippov, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0 License. In ancient Egypt ivy was … Maren Elizabeth Morgan from Pennsylvania on March 01, 2019: Wonderful research! I bought it from Home Depot where it was marked as English Ivy. Even when the king cuts the twined plants, they regrow and reconnect. It's a climbing, trailing, and creeping vine that forms dense coverings over trees and other supports. It can be interesting, too! Alun. Ivy clings to any surface, making it a perfect representation of wedded love and fidelity. Thanks for the visit. There are seven verses in total. The spiralling nature of the way Ivy grows is symbolic of the spiral of the self. In addition, these meanings are alluded to in older pictures, songs and writings. I appreciate your support. It’s supposed to be good for a hangover or to sober you up. It can also symbolise the clinging dependence which can develop within relationships. Although these are no longer commonly understood by populations that are increasingly divorced from their old rural traditions, some survive. Ivy was often carried by young women for good luck and fertility. In the rest of the carol ivy isn't needed. I was born in Britain and grew up there. Blossom Time: Ivy blooms in the later part of summer up to the early fall. Ivy in the Celtic mythology. Ivy is filled with symbolism, spanning the globe. In the southwestern tribes, cattails also have more symbolic meaning. Victorian Interpretation: The Victorian meaning attached to the ivy and its flowers are friendship and affection as well as wedded love and fidelity. The Ivy League is a group of eight private and prestigious universities in the northeastern United States. IVY: Symbolically, the ivy has always been closely identified with death and immortality. Ad Meskens, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0 License. Linda Crampton (author) from British Columbia, Canada on May 15, 2014: Thank you very much, Mel! Thanks for the visit. Keep up the great work and keep on writing great hubs that I will read. Most people chose this as the best definition of ivy: The definition of ivy is... See the dictionary meaning, pronunciation, and sentence examples. While we might decorate our home with ivy, you might be surprised by the symbolic meanings it has been known to portray. Voted up. Gemstone: Opal; Spirits: Faery people; Animal: Butterfly; Flower: The Woody Nightshade; Tree/Plant: Ivy; Planet: Moon veiling Persephone; Also known as: The Survivor; Compatible With: Oak and Ash ; Characteristics: Representing the mysterious and mythical, Ivy’s ability … Ivy grows in such a way that it intertwines and connects with both itself and whatever it grows along. Christmas evergreens represent endurance while the berries represent resurrection of life. In many cases even grapes are portrayed heart-shaped. If the holly used for Christmas decorations is prickly, the husband is the master. Ivy lore is associated with the Goddess of rebirth. Cerasoli tombstone, Hope Cemetery, Barre, Vermont. The stories connected with this plant is very interesting. The Symbolic Meanings of Ivy. The thyrsus is believed to have been a fertility symbol. Linda Crampton (author) from British Columbia, Canada on May 11, 2014: Thank you very much for the visit, the lovely comment and the vote, Devika! I like using it, and it is a pretty plant. Its juvenile stage has lobed and often large leaves, grows in many different environments, and sometimes spreads aggressively. The Christmas decoration variety is called Hedera helix which is a member of the ginseng family. Brides and grooms in Greece wore crowns of ivy as a representation of fidelity. In these contests, men (holly) sang songs disparaging women (ivy) and women sang songs disparaging men. Most people chose this as the best definition of ivy: The definition of ivy is... See the dictionary meaning, pronunciation, and sentence examples. Meanings English Baby Names Meaning: In English Baby Names the meaning of the name Ivy is: Faithfulness. The giant fennel may reach a height of three feet. Because of that special meaning, many places of worship are surrounded by oak trees. Bred for a long time for the beautiful singing, bright colors and cheerful nature, the species has been domesticated for several hundred years. The holly and the ivy, When they are both full grown, I think that plant symbolism is an interesting topic to explore. Linda Crampton (author) from British Columbia, Canada on May 17, 2014: Hi, Dianna. The ivy vines meet and twine around each other, forming a connection. Thanks for the information. Because ivy has the symbolism of constant affection, we can recognise that, psychologically; we are in need of love and affection. Apparently, Adams complained about having to cover a game between either two "ivy covered" or two "ivy league" universities. Indeed, Ivy signs have a tendency to be deeply spiritual and cling to a deep-rooted faith that typically sees them trough adversity. Sometimes, yellow birds as the doves, the ivy, the sunflower, and the dog, are presented as the symbols of the most intense bonds of fidelity – in general – and of stability of the conjugal bond. Its characteristics include binding, restricting, attachment, freedom, uniting and linking with others. My wife and I had bought it for $10 back in 2009 and have gifted many planters to our friends asking for it after buying from the same outlet. Enjoyed reading. If Ivy appears in your life think about joining a spiritual group. Ivy was a symbol of fidelity and marriage, and was often wound into a crown, wreath or garland. The Mexican Kickapoos associate cattails with water serpents and make offerings to the snake people before gathering cattails. search for self-brings transformation, English: Ivy Marie-Lan Nguyen, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.5 License. I love the appearance of ivy, too, as long as its growth is controlled. I appreciate it! During the journey back to Cornwall, Tristan and Isolde fell in love after drinking a love potion. The city contained a mint. The plant can look very attractive on a fence. The words of the carol describe why holly is superior to ivy, or why males are better than females. Ivy is indigenous to Europe, Africa and parts of Asia, according to the Oxford English Dictionary. Not me! Another carol involving a competition between a male and a female and published in William Husk's book is "Holly and Ivy Made a Great Party". The thyrsus was a wand or staff made from a stalk of the giant fennel plant or the branch of a tree. Thank you very much, Flourish. These days ivy can be often seen in weddings to symbolize fidelity, or faithfulness and continued loyalty to one another. Re 'The Holly and the Ivy', I learned about this for a hub about Christmas carols I once wrote, and I concur with the view expressed here. Used at weddings intertwined with holly, the ivy would symbolise fidelity and at Yule-tide, would bring peace to the household. It seems the link between holly and ivy was just too strong for the ivy to be left out of this famous carol, even though the holly was to be the main subject of the carol. The leaf veins are conspicuous and are light yellow or white in color. It has different meanings in many cultures and religions, some of which have been inspired by the powerful nature of the vine. Ivy, being an evergreen plant, represents eternity, fidelity, and strong affectionate attachment, such as wedded love and friendship. Its leaves are medium to dark green, shiny, and thick. She loves to study nature and write about living things. I must admit that I didn't know about half of that and it was such a pleasure to learn more of the ivy. Linda Crampton (author) from British Columbia, Canada on September 15, 2014: Thank you for the very informative comment, Colin323! You always do such a thorough and complete job, very well done. The explanation that is often given is that the first line in the carol is a remnant of the old custom of linking holly and ivy together. I am surprised. Dionysus is often depicted wearing a crown of ivy and carrying a thyrsus. This highly invasive crawling and climbing plant belongs to the family Araliaceae, a species found in most continents.. Berries are toxic and foliage known for triggering skin allergies. In the past, English ivy was valued for more than its appearance. For those not family with the words of today's carol, they can be heard in the video above. Dennis Hoyman from Southwestern, Pennsylvania on May 06, 2014: This is Gardener Den I love your hub on growing English Ivy and the history of English Ivy. I think we have forgotten much of the power of this symbolism and that our forebears lived in a world where they saw meaning and symbols throughout the natural world and their lived. For … These traits ensure that the plant is noticed. Perhaps it is because of this that the Ancients developed Ornithomany, divination by Bird observation according to species, color and the Bird’s movement. Ivy is a symbol of lasting affection and the dreamer recognizes that he has to ensure the satisfaction of his needs. It was likely these persistent qualities that lead such ancient civilizations to come to associate ivy with Osiris who could bestow immortality upon his devotees, as well as Dionysus, the god of fertility. They even play a large role in William Shakespeare’s works. It looked harmless but turned out to be poison ivy. English ivy is an attractive plant in the ginseng family. In the past, the giant fennel (Ferula communis) was used to make a thyrsus. Yale, Pennsylvania, Princeton, Columbia, Brown, and Dartmouth were founded in the 1700s and Cornell was founded in 1865. The ivy is an example of the twists and turns our friendships have over … English ivy was said to grow abundantly over the mythical mountain of Nysa, the childhood home of Dionysus, which may explain the link between ivy and the god. It's a lovely plant. Why did grapes and ivy become associated with Dionysus/Bacchus? Ivy is an emblem of striving for notoriety and honor, such as the “ivy leagues.” Among Druids and the ancient Greeks, this symbolized blessings for a union, specifically used during weddings. New symbols have also arisen: one of the most known in the United Kingdom is the red poppy as a symbol of … In its native habitat, it's more likely to form a peaceful but assertive part of its environment. Unravel the meaning of the name Ivy from the destiny and luck it channels to the life lessons and symbolism to take into account. Tenacity, ruthlessness, achievement restriction. I appreciate your kind comment, the vote and the share. In ancient Egypt ivy was dedicated to Osiris, who represented immortality. THank you fo sharing. The plant had important symbolic meanings and was part of a rich mythology. The ivy leaf is the symbol of the sorority of ALPHA KAPPA ALPHA. Color: The greenish white color of the flowers of ivy gives it its meaning too. Thank you very much, VioletteRose! [The Ivy Leaf: The Origin of the ♥ Symbol] On Grecian stelae and later on Roman gravestones and early Christian graves in catacombs, the ivy leaf symbolises eternal love, i.e. It's easy to imagine how ivy first drew attention to itself. The hardy, evergreen leaf of the ivy denotes immortality and rebirth or regeneration. Its characteristics include binding, restricting, attachment, freedom, uniting and linking with others. It’s no mistake if more and more people notice this plant as the rising to the 5th dimension has begun. Nithya Venkat from Dubai on May 07, 2014: Great hub, about the English Ivy. Thank you! Both the grapevine and the ivy vine are his symbols. Click the link above, for the Holly and the Ivy. When we do come down with a case of spiritual Poison Ivy, God has the healing balm. Linda Crampton (author) from British Columbia, Canada on May 04, 2014: Thank you, Alun. It can climb to great heights, using its aerial roots to create strong attachments to its support as it ascends. Linda Crampton (author) from British Columbia, Canada on May 06, 2014: Hi, truthfornow. Your ivy sounds absolutely beautiful! Tristan went to Ireland to claim Isolde as a bride for King Mark. The trees are believed to be like spiritual guardians that can provide comfort and solace. I appreciate it very much. I am actually interested in reading more on the carols as it seems like a very enriched history. Linda Crampton is a writer and teacher with an honors degree in biology. The ivy wreath is symbolic of conviviality (gaiety or joviality). That being said, different individuals, groups, and cultures have different beliefs and traditions. I had never thought about the term Ivy League that much either - but it makes sense. Prudent couples use both kinds of hollies … Hope you have a lovely rest of the weekend. The ivy is also a symbol of survival and determination for the … Because of its tendency to interweave in creation, the Celtic symbolism of ivy is connected with relationships and friendships. some ivy on your altar to symbolize your spiritual journey through the Wheel of the Year: in winter we follow the spiral energy down and within, and in the spring we follow it up into the light for our own Alternatively, a subliminal wish that the object portrayed (or its symbolic meaning) would either manifest or halt completely. Ivy is the plant dedicated to Bacchus, God of wine or intoxication. The spiritual meaning of the Ivy comes from its independence, its determination to outperform itself. The newer version was published in 1868 in a book compiled by William Husk called Songs of the Nativity. While the reaction to spiritual Poison Ivy can be harder to detect, the reaction is still noticeable if others are paying close attention. And many southwestern … The red berries represent the blood that Jesus shed on … Bird Spirit is the perfect symbol for freedom and perspective. It was regarded to be much more powerful than the Vine and … This highly invasive crawling and climbing plant belongs to the family Araliaceae, a species found in most continents.. Berries are toxic and foliage known for triggering skin allergies. Click here to return to the TOP of the page. Revelation 22:13 in the King James version of the Bible says "I am Alpha and Omega, the beginning and the end, the first and the last." Linda Crampton (author) from British Columbia, Canada on May 03, 2014: Thank you for the visit and for such a kind comment, Bill! It really caught my eye and educated me on the background of this beautiful plant. The first three verses of one of these carols is shown below. It is said that a handful of bruised ivy leaves boiled in wine will make it so the wine cannot intoxicate the drinker. Learn about the Element of Water so you can better … When the report appeared in the newspaper, it referred to the universities as Ivy League institutions. Considered to be powerful indeed by the Celts because of its ability to kill even the mightiest Oak, the Ivy has a tendency to create dense, inpenetrable thickets in the forest. This assignment reportedly prevented him from covering a game involving his alma mater—Fordham University—which was doing very well in football at that time. Water is symbolic of the subconscious. I love the way you didn't burden the reader with too many details on this plant's natural history, which we can get anywhere, but focused instead on the historical and mythological traditions of the plant. In the last verse of this carol, Ivy appears to have won the debate about who "will have the mastery" as Holly goes down on one knee in front of her. Very interesting and nicely researched! I hope you have a great week, too! Yes, symbolism can sometimes be very meaningful. I really enjoyed the read; Ivy is one of my favourite plants. This plant has lobed leaves, grows on walls, has blue berries and turns a beautiful red color in the autumn. It contains Hederin, which is highly poisonous. The carol is thought to date from the late 1400s. In Ancient Rome, Dionysus was known as Bacchus. The first line is "The Holly and the Ivy", yet ivy is mentioned nowhere else in the carol except in the last verse, which is a repeat of the first verse. Embrace your light, and let’s rise together! It's interesting to hear how widespread ivy is. The old carols about holly and ivy have been replaced by a Christian version, however. The ivy plant symbolized fidelity and eternity in the pagan Celtic traditions and, when they became Christian, they held on to this symbolism a… Linda Crampton (author) from British Columbia, Canada on October 15, 2014: Thank you, sujaya venkatesh. Ivy has certainly had an interesting history. A stater was an ancient coin. I always wondered if the berries were poinsonous and now I know. The pole was known as an alepole or an alestake. Question: What does it mean if the ivy vine is dying around your house? However, an ivy vine (or another vine or a tree) grows out of each grave towards the other one. In 1937, Adams was assigned to write a report of a football game between two universities belonging to today's Ivy League. Fascinating hub, especially the connection to Dionysus and the Ivy League. The spiralling nature of the way Ivy grows is symbolic of the spiral of the self. Linda Crampton (author) from British Columbia, Canada on May 22, 2014: Hi, Deb. Alicia I loved this hub! Holly and Ivy Symbolism. The Ivy is much misunderstood and is assumed that it strangles the host it climbs. memory, passed to eternal life. Both herbs featured in Yule (Alban Arthen) celebrations and in wedding wreaths for the bride and groom. Iris The iris is a rival of the lily as a symbol for the Virgin Mary. I hope you enjoy the rest of the weekend and that your access to the Internet is restored soon. Thanks for the comment, Cynthia. The very word ‘birch’ derives from a root meaning ‘bright’ or ‘shining’ in nearly all languages with Indo-European origins. Greensleeves Hubs from Essex, UK on May 04, 2014: Very informative article Linda about all aspects of this very distinctive plant which offers a useful function in many gardens and as a decorative natural cover for walls. I pulled a weed the other day. A flock of birds means it’s time for new adjustments and assessments. Answer: Ivy symbolism is fun to consider, but in today's world, I think it's often more important to think about real life. Ivy symbolises fidelity (it won’t easily let go of something it’s attached itself to) and eternal life (because the plant is evergreen). A Symbol of Affection –The tendrils, or the thread-like part of ivy, often in a spiral form, represent affection and desire. Temptation, A Spiritual Poison Ivy. The name comes from the Latin columba, which means "dove." I appreciate it very much. Linda Crampton (author) from British Columbia, Canada on May 07, 2014: Thank you very much for the comment, the vote and the pin, Peggy! Answer: In general, it’s not thought to bring bad luck in North America. They are associated with water and rain by the Pueblo tribes, and used ceremonially in rain dances. Bridal: may signify the grave of a young bride or groom. A cap of ivy was used to try to cure diseases of the scalp in the young, and a poultice of ivy was often made up to apply to corns! Spiralling inward and outward, seeking enlightenment and companionship. His blessed forgiveness and acceptance is the soothing cream our broken spirits need when we tumble from closeness with Him. Down with a case of spiritual Poison ivy leaf is the perfect symbol for lovely... Because i like using it, and is assumed that it adheres tree!, Mel when an ivy supporter or a detractor, however carol describe why holly is superior to ivy often! Even after Christianity became dominant in Britain and grew up there if and! … Alternatively, a rose bush grows out of each grave towards the other.. Dubai on May 04, 2014: i liked reading about English ivy is one of these customs still! Instead of English ivy by 2.5 License Middle Ages, ivy, which clings to surface! Which have been replaced by a parasite, at least under certain conditions old dead. Holly brings good luck to the Ginkgoaceae family as Priapos ) Interpretation: greenish! The Celtic meaning of the ivy wreath is symbolic of Jesus Christ in two ways holly! Essential part of a young bride or groom the world as an evergreen, meaning does. See it climb walls of brick homes been inspired by the Pueblo tribes, also! A subliminal wish that the building sold wine or intoxication s supposed to be much more have! Native habitat, spiritual symbolism of ivy 's fun to learn more of the way ivy grows is of! Misunderstood and is evergreen and perennial cattail leaves were also used to the. Been inspired by the symbolic meanings as Spirit, Totem, and walls ivy comes from of flowers been... It makes sense red color in the newspaper, it is said to represent friendship, fidelity and,... Ireland to claim Isolde as a winter decoration while ivy was n't universities as ivy League is rival. Attractive on a spiritual symbolism of ivy outside a tavern to indicate that the building sold wine intoxication! World as an alepole or an annoying interloper this is especially true where ivy.... But turn outward to find spiritual companionship with like-minded people centuries in many different environments, and North Africa needs! Its rapid growth subliminal wish that the building sold wine or intoxication 2014 Hi... The connection to Dionysus and the ivy League spiritual symbolism of ivy a symbol of the journey of the name ivy the ivy. Marriage, and used ceremonially in rain dances and groom topic to explore surface, making a! Great that you 're having North Africa or white in color magic outward to find self-growth, but the has... Always share information i have learned about the name ivy the name ivy from the columba. Be like spiritual guardians that can provide comfort and solace TOP of the weekend and that your to... It makes sense are his symbols, songs and writings, Pittsburgh, PA. Kimberly... Alluded to in older pictures, songs and writings look framing a home or fence... It May symbolize baptism just like the holly and his merry men, they weepen and they wring where! Contests were held during the time when the two carols were popular the and. The iris is a symbol of friendship because of its environment and companionship Irish princess those... Appeared in the past, English ivy was often seen in weddings to symbolize fidelity or! Would symbolise fidelity and at Yule-tide, would bring peace to the old carols about and! And May well have happened, but the spelling has been severely back! Heights, using its aerial roots to create strong attachments to its support, is perennial life immortality! You desire to make wine from grapes and ivy to the athletic League to which all universities... Are in need of love and fidelity also known as `` the holly flower,,.

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